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Language peer sets for APL:
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United States/1960↑
Designed 1960 ↑
1960s languages ↑
Second generation↑
Early Cold War↑
Genus Array ↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Array↑
Rank 1 unlabelled↑
Rank 1 ↑
Array/1960↑
Rank 1 unlabelled/1960↑
Rank 1/1960↑
Array/United States↑
Rank 1 unlabelled/United States↑
Rank 1/United States↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Numerical Scientific/1960↑
Numerical Scientific/us ↑

APL (18/apl001)

Array-centered programing language

alternate simple view

Country: United States
Designed 1960
Published: 1960
Genus: Array
Sammet category: Numerical Scientific

A Programming Language. Ken Iverson Harvard U 1957-1960. Harvard & IBM 1960-1966.

Probably the most beautiful computer language to date (the only possible rival is LYaPAS, which was heavily influenced by APL).

Designed originally as a notation for the concise expression of mathematical algorithms. Went unnamed and unimplemented for many years, save as "Iverson's Language".

Finally a subset APL\360 was implemented in 1964. APL is an interactive array-oriented language with many innovative features, written using a non- standard character set. It is dynamically typed with dynamic scope. All operations are either dyadic infix or monadic prefix, and all expressions are evaluated from right to left. The only control structure is branch. APL introduced several functional forms but is not purely functional.

Written in FORTRAN IV, and made use of most of FIV's maths library written by Hirondo Kuki

Places

Harvard usAcademic

People:

Structures:

Function

Related languages

FORTRAN II	→	APL		Written using
Iverson's Language	→	APL		Evolution of
		APL	→A+	Dialect of
		APL	→AAIMS	Built on
		APL	→ADA	Influence
		APL	→AIDA	Augmentation of
		APL	→ALICE	Extension of
		APL	→AML	Influence
		APL	→AML/X	Positive Strong Influence
		APL	→APEX	Extension of
		APL	→APL\360	Implementation
		APL	→APL2	Evolution of
		APL	→APLBAGS	Extension of
		APL	→APLBOL	Subset
		APL	→APLG	Extension of
		APL	→APLGOL	Extension of
		APL	→APLOMB	Augmentation of
		APL	→APLSF	Extension of
		APL	→APPLE	Implementation
		APL	→AQL	Extension of
		APL	→associons	Influence
		APL	→D4	Extension of
		APL	→DELISA	Strong Incorporated some features of
		APL	→DPL	Incorporated some features of
		APL	→FAC	Augmentation of
		APL	→Fornax	Extension of
		APL	→Glee	Extension of
		APL	→GPL	Dialect of
		APL	→IDAMS	Written using
		APL	→IVSYS	Implementation
		APL	→J	Evolution of
		APL	→K	Evolution of
		APL	→LOTIS	Incorporated some features of
		APL	→LPG	Influence
		APL	→LRLTRAN	Influence
		APL	→LYaPAS	Positive strong Influence
		APL	→MFL	Based on
		APL	→microAPL	Implementation
		APL	→More array theory	Incorporated some features of
		APL	→MUMBLE	Based on
		APL	→OSU APL	Evolution of
		APL	→PAT	Implementation
		APL	→Poplar	Derivation of
		APL	→PPL	Extension of
		APL	→PREDULA	Influence
		APL	→S	Influence
		APL	→SAPL	Augmentation of
		APL	→SAX APL	Extension of
		APL	→Scratchpad	Incorporated some features of
		APL	→SDL	Influence
		APL	→Squigol	Influence
		APL	→STSC APL	Implementation
		APL	→TESI	Extension of
		APL	→Vector PASCAL	Influence
		APL	→VSAPL	Implementation
		APL	→Wyoming structured APL	Augmentation of

References:

1962

Iverson, K. E. (1962) Iverson, K. E. "A programming language" pp345-351
in [AFIPS JCC 21] Proceedings of the 1962 Spring Join (1962) [AFIPS JCC 21] Proceedings of the 1962 Spring Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, Ca. SJCC 1962
Iverson, K.E. (1962) Iverson, K.E. "A common language for hardware, software and communications"
in [AFIPS JCC 22] (1962) [AFIPS JCC 22] Proceedings of the 1962 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 1962
Iverson, Kenneth E. (1962) Iverson, Kenneth E. "A Programming Language", Wiley, 1962.

1964

Landin (1964) Landin, Peter review of Iverson 1962 AFIPS (APL) Abstract
in (1964) ACM Computing Reviews 5(04) July-August 1964

1966

Rose, A. (1966) Rose, A. J., The Use of APL for Describing Programs at Many Levels of Detail, IBM Corp., RC 1700, T. J. Watson Research Center, York town Heights, N.Y. (Oct., 1966).

1967

Newell, Alan, Jay Earley and Fred Haney (1967) Newell, Alan, Jay Earley and Fred Haney "*l manual" Carnegie Institute of Technology June 26, 1967 Extract: Conversational languages
Sammet, Jean E., (1967) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1967"
in (1967) Computers & Automation 16(6) June 1967

1969

Iverson, K.E. (1969) Iverson, K.E. "The use of APL in statistics" pp285-294
in R.C. Milton and J A. Nelder (Eds.) (1969) R.C. Milton and J A. Nelder (Eds.) "Statistical Computation" Academic, New York, 1969

1970

Reinfelds, J. (1970) Reinfelds, J. "AMTRAN: An Interactive Computing System", pp537- 542 Extract: COMPARISON WITH OTHER HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
in [AFIPS] (1970) [AFIPS] Proceedings of the 1970 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 37

1971

Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 16 Abstract

1972

Rosen, S. (1972) Rosen, S. "Programming Systems and Languages 1965-1975" Abstract DOI
in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] CACM 15(07) (July 1972)
Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 18
in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972

1973

Elson, M. (1973) Elson, M. Concept of programming languages, Science Research Associates, Palo Alto, Calif., 1973
Falkoff, AD and Iverson, KE (1973) Falkoff, AD and Iverson, KE "The Design of APL" IBM Journal of Research and Development 17(4) pp324 Abstract Online copy
Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 44 Abstract

1974

Iverson, Falkoff, Abrams, Breed, Moore: (1974) Iverson, Falkoff, Abrams, Breed, Moore: "The Origins 0F APL"; 1974;
Leavenworth and Sammet (1974) Leavenworth, Burt M.; Sammet, Jean E. "An overview of nonprocedural languages" pp1-12 Abstract
in [VHLL 1974] (1974) Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States

1976

Iverson: (1976) Iverson: "APL In Exposition"; 1976;
Licklider, J.C.R. (1976) Licklider, J.C.R. "USER-ORIENTED INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS" Proceedings of the ACM/SIGGRAPH workshop on User-oriented design of interactive graphics systems Pittsburgh, PA 1976 pp89-96 Extract: Graphics Embedded in LISP and APL-Like Languages

1977

Perlis , Rugaber: (1977) Perlis , Rugaber: "The APL Idiom List"; 1977;

1978

Falkoff, A.D. and Iverson, K.E. (1978) Falkoff, A.D. and Iverson, K.E. "APL language summary"
in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
Falkoff, A.D. and Iverson, K.E. (1978) Falkoff, A.D. and Iverson, K.E. "The evolution of APL"
in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
Holmes, WN (1978) Holmes, WN "Is APL a programming language?" Abstract Online copy
in (1978) The Computer Journal 21(2) May 1978
IBM: (1978) IBM: "APL Programming Guide: Vector Operations"; 1978;
Sammet, Jean E (1978) Sammet, Jean E "Roster of programming languages for 1976-77" pp56-85
in [SIGPLAN] (1978) SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978
(1978) Weaver, KR review of Holmes 1978 Abstract
in (1978) ACM Computing Reviews 19(10) October 1978

1979

[SigAPL] (1979) [SigAPL] "APL79 Conference Proceedings"
Berry Et Al: (1979) Berry Et Al: "APL And Insight"; 1979;
Iverson, Kenneth E. (1979) Iverson, Kenneth E. "Operators" ACM TOPLAS 1(2) October 1979, pp161-176
McDonnell, E. E. (1979) McDonnell, E. E. "The socio-technical beginnings of APL" ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 10(02) December 1979 pp13-18 Abstract Online copy Extract: Introduction Extract: Early time-sharing systems and APL Extract: The workspace concept Extract: APL's scheduler Extract: Terminal handling Extract: Conclusion

1980

Irons, E. (1980) Irons, E. T. review of Iverson 1979 Abstract
in (1980) ACM Computing Reviews 21(02) Feb 1980
Jones, W. T. and Kirk, S. A. (1980) Jones, W. T. and Kirk, S. A. "APL as a software design specification language" Extract: Introduction
in (1980) The Computer Journal 23(3) 1980
Kupka, I. and Wilsing, N. (1980) Kupka, I. and Wilsing, N. "Conversational Languages" John Wiley, 1980

1981

Allen, F. E. (1981) Allen, F. E. "The history of language processor technology in IBM" pp535-548.
in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
Falkoff, Iverson: (1981) Falkoff, Iverson: "A Source Book In APL"; 1981;
Hollis, IBM: (1981) Hollis, IBM: "APL Programming Guide: Programming Conventions"; 1981;
Kay, Alan C. (1981) Kay, Alan C. "Generic programming: APL and Smalltalk"
in [ACM SIGAPL] (1981) [ACM SIGAPL] APL Quote Quad 12(1) September 1981, Proceedings of the international conference on APL 1981, San Francisco, California, United States
Sammet, Jean E. (1981) Sammet, Jean E. "History of IBM's Technical Contributions to High Level Programming Languages" pp520ff
in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue

1982

Allen, F. (1982) Allen, F. and Schwartz, J. review of Sammet and Lee HOPL conference end banquet excerpts Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Busman, R. (1982) Busman, R. J. review of Falkoff and Iverson 1978 Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Foster, Et Al: (1982) Foster, Et Al: "APL Quote Quad: The Early Years"; 1982;
in SigAPL: (1982) SigAPL: "APL82 Conference Proceedings"; 1982;
Kerner, L.O. (1982) Kerner, L.O. review of Allen 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews September 1982 Abstract
Smillie, K W. (1982) Smillie, K W. review of Sammet 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews September 1982 Abstract
Steel, T. (1982) Steel, T. B. review of Wexelblat 1982 Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Turner: (1982) Turner: "Boolean Functions And Techniques"; 1982;
in SigAPL: (1982) SigAPL: "APL82 Conference Proceedings"; 1982;
Van Deusen, M. (1982) Van Deusen, M. review of Wexelblat 1982 Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982

1983

Ny/SigAPL: (1983) Ny/SigAPL: "APL As A Tool Of Thought, I - V ('83-'87)"; 1983-1987;

1984

SigAPL: (1984) SigAPL: "APL84 Conference Proceedings"; 1984;

1986

Martin, James (1986) Martin, James "4GL Fourth-Generation Languages Volume III, 4GLs from IBM" James Martin Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1986
SigAPL: (1986) SigAPL: "APL86 Conference Proceedings"; 1986;

1987

Iverson: (1987) Iverson: "A Dictionary Of APL" ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 18(1) September 1987 pp5-40 DOI Extract: Introduction

1989

SigAPL: (1989) SigAPL: "APL89 Statistics Tutorial"; 1989;

1991

IBM: (1991) IBM: "IBM Sys Resrch J'rnal, Dec '91 V30/4"; 1991;
Ny/SigAPL : (1991) Ny/SigAPL : "APL As A Tool Of Thought VII"; 1991;

1993

[SigAPL] APL93 International Conference on APL (1993) [SigAPL] APL93 International Conference on APL "Taking a closer look" August 15-19, 1993 at Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Ny/SigAPL : (1993) Ny/SigAPL : "APL As A Tool Of Thought VIII"; 1993;

1994

Ny/SigAPL : (1994) Ny/SigAPL : "APL As A Tool Of Thought IX"; 1994;

1995

Vandoni (1995) Vandoni, Carlo "Scientic Data Visualization" Cern December 1995 pdf

1998

Hui, Iverson: (1998) Hui, Iverson: "J Dictionary"; 1998;
Skillicorn, David B. and Talia, Domenico (1998) Skillicorn, David B. and Talia, Domenico "Models and languages for parallel computation" pp123-169
in [ACM] (1998) [ACM] ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 30(2) June 1998

2002

(2002) APL Notes Online at Jim W's site
(2002) Library of Congress Subject Headings A27

Resources

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